[ 趙慶慶譯 ]——(2005-2-27) / 已閱50024次
Promoting Competition,
Protecting Consumers:
A Plain English Guide to Antitrust Laws
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
An Antitrust Primer
Illegal Business Practices
Maintaining or Creating a Monopoly
Mergers
Price Discrimination
Frequently Asked Questions
Keeping Markets Competitive
簡明反托拉斯法英文指南
目錄：
序 言
反托拉斯入門
非法商事行為
維持和引發(fā)壟斷
合并
價(jià)格歧視
常見問題
保持市場競爭性
Preface
序言：
The Bureau of Competition of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) share responsibility for enforcing laws that promote competition in the marketplace. Competition benefits consumers by keeping prices low and the quality of goods and services high.
聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)競爭署和司法部反托拉斯局共同負(fù)責(zé)實(shí)施促進(jìn)市場競爭的法律。市場競爭則是通過保持商品的低價(jià)以及商品和服務(wù)的高質(zhì)量使消費(fèi)者受益。
The FTC is a consumer protection agency with two mandates under the FTC Act: to guard the marketplace from unfair methods of competition, and to prevent unfair or deceptive acts or practices that harm consumers. These tasks often involve the analysis of complex business practices and economic issues. When the Commission succeeds in doing both its jobs, it protects consumer sovereignty -- the freedom to choose goods and services in an open marketplace at a price and quality that fit the consumer’s needs -- and fosters opportunity for businesses by ensuring a level playing field among competitors. In pursuing its work, the FTC can file cases in both federal court and a special administrative forum.
聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)是在《聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)法》規(guī)制下并擁有其兩項(xiàng)授權(quán)的一個(gè)消費(fèi)者保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)：一是引導(dǎo)市場避免不公平的競爭；二是杜絕有損消費(fèi)者利益的不公平或欺騙性的市場行為。它的這些任務(wù)通常包括了分析復(fù)雜的市場交易行為和有關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。當(dāng)委員會(huì)成功地完成其任務(wù)時(shí)，消費(fèi)者的主權(quán)就得到了很好的保護(hù)：他們自由地選擇商品；以合適的價(jià)格和品質(zhì)在一個(gè)公開的市場上接受服務(wù)；并通過整平市場競爭者之間的游戲場地來培育商機(jī)。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)其職能，聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)擁有在聯(lián)邦法院和一專門的行政法庭的立案權(quán)。
The FTC has prepared this booklet to help you understand the antitrust laws -- how they can benefit consumers, and how they can affect you if you operate a business. The booklet explains how antitrust laws can be violated, answers frequently asked questions about potential violations, describes how you can help keep markets competitive, and tells where to find more information about the antitrust laws.
聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)特別準(zhǔn)備了這個(gè)小冊子以幫助您更好地理解反托拉斯法：如：它怎樣使消費(fèi)者受益；如果您正從事商業(yè)活動(dòng)，它將怎樣影響您的經(jīng)營行為。同時(shí)，這本小冊子還將介紹一些違反反托拉斯法的行為；回答一些常見的關(guān)于潛在違法性行為的問題；描述你可以如何幫助保持市場的競爭性；并告訴您在哪可能找到更多有關(guān)反托拉斯法的信息和資料。
The FTC also has available other publications that explain its numerous consumer protection activities.
當(dāng)然，聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)還有一些介紹其經(jīng)常性的消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)行動(dòng)的出版物。
"Antitrust laws . . . are the Magna Carta of free enterprise. They are as important to the preservation of economic freedom and our free-enterprise system as the Bill of Rights is to the protection of our fundamental personal freedoms."
--The Supreme Court, United States v. Topco Associates,
Inc. 1972
“《反托拉斯法》-------在自由的企業(yè)制度中是位受歡迎者。其之于維持經(jīng)濟(jì)自由和我們自由的企業(yè)制度的重要性就像《人權(quán)法案》之于保護(hù)我們基本的人身自由的重要性那樣.”
最高法院 United States v. Topco Associates Inc. 1972
An Antitrust Primer
反托拉斯入門
The antitrust laws describe unlawful practices in general terms, leaving it to the courts to decide what specific practices are illegal based on the facts and circumstances of each case.
反托拉斯法只是在總體上描述了一些非法的實(shí)踐，而讓各法院根據(jù)每個(gè)案件的事實(shí)和背景去確定其具體的違法行為。
Section 1 of the Sherman Act outlaws "every contract, combination . . . , or conspiracy, in restraint of trade," but long ago, the Supreme Court decided that the Sherman Act prohibits only those contracts or agreements that restrain trade unreasonably. What kinds of agreements are unreasonable is up to the courts.
《謝爾曼法》第一條宣布 “關(guān)于限制貿(mào)易的任何契約、合并、串謀”均為非法。但許久以前最高法院認(rèn)為《謝爾曼法》禁止的只是那些不合理限制貿(mào)易的契約或協(xié)定。但具體哪一種協(xié)定是不合理的則由法院來確認(rèn)。
Section 2 of the Sherman Act makes it unlawful for a company to "monopolize, or attempt to monopolize," trade or commerce. As that law has been interpreted, it is not necessarily illegal for a company to have a monopoly or to try to achieve a monopoly position. The law is violated only if the company tries to maintain or acquire a monopoly position through unreasonable methods. For the courts, a key factor in determining what is unreasonable is whether the practice has a legitimate business justification.
《謝爾曼法》第二條宣布一公司 “獨(dú)占或企圖獨(dú)占”市場交易為非法。該法同時(shí)還作出解釋：一公司擁有壟斷或企圖謀取壟斷地位并不是構(gòu)成非法的必要條件，只是當(dāng)該公司通過某種不正當(dāng)?shù)氖侄卧噲D維持或謀取壟斷地位時(shí)，它才被認(rèn)定是非法的。對于法院來說，確認(rèn)其手段合理與否的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素是該公司對其所實(shí)施的行為是否有正當(dāng)?shù)纳淌驴罐q理由。
Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act outlaws "unfair methods of competition" but does not define unfair. The Supreme Court has ruled that violations of the Sherman Act also are violations of Section 5, but Section 5 covers some practices that are beyond the scope of the Sherman Act. It is the FTC’s job to enforce Section 5.
《聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)法》第五條宣布 “不公平的競爭手段”為非法，但并未對所謂的 “不公平”下確切的定議。最高法院曾裁定違反《謝爾曼法》的行為同時(shí)也是違反本條規(guī)定的。然而，第五條還涵蓋了一些超出謝爾曼法規(guī)制范圍的違法行為。第五條的實(shí)施權(quán)是歸屬于聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)的。
Section 7 of the Clayton Act prohibits mergers and acquisitions where the effect "may be substantially to lessen competition, or to tend to create a monopoly." Determining whether a merger will have that effect requires a thorough economic evaluation or market study.
《克萊頓法》第七條禁止“可能有實(shí)質(zhì)性弱化競爭或引有發(fā)壟斷趨向”的效果的企業(yè)合并。確定一合并案是否有上述效果則需要徹底的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益評估和市場調(diào)查。
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